Burnout and Wellbeing during the Second Covid-19 Wave: Are There Differences between Medical Specialties?

Introduction: Burnout is common amongst clinical staff. Critical Care is widely accepted to have amongst the highest rates, with an incidence of >38%.1 The Covid-19 pandemic placed unprecedented pressures on staff, making them vulnerable to burnout.2 Although stressors were similar across medical teams, we suspected there were differences in burnout between medical specialties. Objective(s): This study aimed to examine burnout amongst the hospital MDT, focussing on three higher care clinical areas: Coronary Care (CCU), Respiratory (RSU) and Critical Care (ICU) and identify recurring positive and negative experiences. Method(s): Between March and April 2021 staff were invited to complete a two-part survey. Part one investigated demographic data and free text answers on feelings towards Covid-19. Part two questioned recipients on the 22 questions of the MBI -HSS (Maslach Burnout Index- Human Services Survey).3 This survey assesses burn-out in three domains: Emotional Exhaustion (EE), Depersonalisation (DP), and lack of Personal Accomplishment (PA). MBI-HSS results were analysed and a previously used 'high-risk' cut-off was used to calculate percentages per domain and overall. Free text analysis was conducted by two researchers to identify common themes, protective factors and negative factors which may increase burnout. Result(s): 148 staff members responded to the survey: 53% of respondents met the criteria for burnout in at least one domain. 58% of ICU staff, 42% of RSU staff and 44% of CCU staff were burnt out in one domain or more. ICU had the highest percentage of staff at high risk of EE and lack of PA. RSU had the highest percentage of staff scoring highly for DP. Free text analysis demonstrated some positive experiences from the Covid-19 pandemic: teamwork, communication, resilience, and opportunities to learn new skills were highlighted by staff across all areas. All areas found staffing and workload a negative factor. In ICU, workspace organisation and long shifts in PPE were key stressors which made communication and taking breaks safely difficult. Managing stress and uncertainty were highlighted by the ICU teams. In RSU, a significant proportion of staff found the lack of established treatments and poor outcomes difficult to manage, potentially highlighting the differences in Covid-19 management compared with ICU. As nursing staff work with higher ratios in RSU, some found managing patients' needs difficult: "Not having enough time to care for patients' basic needs . . . patients in side-rooms were left feeling isolated and scared". In CCU, there was a shift towards fear of catching the virus, PPE provision and poor infection control guidance, possibly arising from lower exposure to Covid-19: "It felt like the trust didn't give a s**t about their staff with regard to PPE and vaccinations." Conclusion(s): All clinical areas highlighted increased teamwork as a positive outcome of the Covid-19 pandemic, and good relationships have been built, a known protective factor against burnout. Many negative factors have impacted the rate of burnout, including high workload, staffing issues, redeployment and managing death and uncertainty. We hope to resurvey the same areas to assess wellbeing one year on, and address key factors to improve wellbeing.

Using extant data to examine the lived experience of special education teachers during the COVID-19 pandemic: Coping, resilience, and changes to level of emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and personal accomplishment to determine teacher burnout occurrence level

Title: Examining the Lived Experiences of Special Education Teachers During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Coping, Resilience, and Changes to Level of Emotional Exhaustion, Depersonalization, and Personal Accomplishment to Determine Teacher Burnout Occurrence LevelTeacher burnout has become a prevalent issue in the public school system in the United States. Research about special education teacher burnout is lacking and virtually no research exists on how teachers of students with disabilities manage job-related stress. This exploratory study examines the perspectives of 18 teachers of students with disabilities and their stress-related coping strategies which incidentally occurred during a global health crisis through a mixed-method research approach (i.e., qualitative and quantitative). Specifically, the study explores teacher stress and teacher burnout (emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and personal accomplishment) as well as coping strategies, resources, and resilience. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)

Senior Vs. Junior Urology Trainees: Factors Associated with Burnout

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: Burnout is one of the many challenges physicians may face in their careers. While there are studies focusing on burnout among surgical specialties, there are limited studies focusing on burn out at different levels of training. The aim of this study is to measure and compare rates of burnout between junior and senior trainees in urological surgery as well as to identify changes in training that could be made to improve work-life balance. METHOD(S): To assess professional burnout, respondents completed the 22-item Maslach Burnout Inventory Human Services Survey as part of the 2019 AUA census. Respondents were categorized into junior trainees (PGY1, PGY2, PGY3) and senior trainees (PGY4, PGY5, and fellow). RESULT(S): A total of 512 respondents were included. Senior trainees represented 57% while junior trainees represented 43% of the total cohort. The prevalence of burnout (p=0.005) and high levels of depersonalization (p=0.018) were 50% in junior trainees and 38% in senior trainees. High levels of emotional exhaustion were 9% for junior and 5% for senior trainees (p=0.053) (Table 1). The top changes to improve work life balance for urology trainees were access to meal plans, on-call rooms, and time to attend health appointments (Figure 1). CONCLUSION(S): Juniors experience higher levels of burnout, depersonalization, and emotional exhaustion when compared to seniors. Providing meal plans, on-call quarters, and time to attend health appointments are the top changes to improve work-life balance among urology trainees. These changes may have a dramatic impact on the well-being of our trainees, especially in this post-COVID era. (Figure Presented).

The Burnout Syndrome in teachers of public institutions of the Ecuadorian Sierra

Currently, the teaching profession requires multiple transformations/educational training to provide a quality education, this can generate saturation of activities, emotions and physical discomfort in teachers. The objective of this research was to determine the prevalence of Burnout Syndrome in teachers of public schools in the Ecuadorian Sierra. The methodology was quantitative-descriptive-correlational, with variables of sex, level of education in which they work and Burnout Syndrome. The instrument used was the Maslach Burnout Inventory questionnaire, with the following analysis categories: 1) emotional exhaustion;2) depersonalization;and 3) personal fulfillment. The main results indicate that, in emotional exhaustion, teachers present various types of intensity: 44.92% low, 23.19% medium and 31.88% high. In depersonalization, 65.22% of teachers correspond to the low level;24.64% medium;and 10.14% high achievement personal teachers are located at: 66.67% low;18.84% medium;and 10.14% high. These percentages allow revealing that the work environment and the functions that each teacher performs determine the level of Burnout Syndrome that they may have and, although the percentages are not high, they do represent prevalence in their mechanical work performance and the emotional as well as physical part, they can be in decline

Prevalence of burnout among health care workers during coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis

The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis study was to estimate the pooled prevalence of burnout among health care workers (HCWs), who worked in health centers during the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak, based on the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) Questionnaire. A comprehensive search based on specific terms was performed through the online studies of Pubmed, Scopus, Web of Science, and ProQuest, until January 2022. The methodological quality of included studies was assessed using the National Institutes of Health (NIH) tool. Data analysis was carried out through the random-effects model, and the heterogeneity was investigated by I2 statistic using the software STATA Version 16. In total, seven articles with 5,022 participants were included in the final analysis. Four studies with 4,419 participants reported the prevalence of burnout as percent in moderate and severe types for all three components of burnout syndrome. Our results showed that the 45% of pooled moderate and 37% of severe levels of emotional exhaustion, 49% of pooled moderate and 18% of severe levels of depersonalization, 38% of pooled moderate and 51% of pooled severe levels of reduced personal accomplishment. Whereas six studies with 4,838 sample size reported the mean prevalence of MBI-based burnout syndrome and the mean pooled prevalence of emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and accomplishment was 21.57, 7.47, and 33.48, respectively. Based on our findings, HCWs who worked in health centers during COVID-19 outbreak, experienced significant burnout. Therefore, it is necessary to design and implement programs to deal with burnout among this populations. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved) Impact Statement What is the public health significance of this article? This study suggests that health care workers (HCWs) who worked in health centers during the outbreak of COVID-19 and were in direct and/or indirect contact with COVID-19 patients experienced significant burnout. Burnout among HCWs is an important issue because it not only has an impact on their quality of life, but it can potentially affect the quality of care provided, increase medical errors, reduce patient safety, and even the influence on the mental health of their families and society. Therefore, it is necessary to design and implement programs to deal with burnout among this populations. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved)

Evaluating Medical Staff's Burnout and its Related Factor during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Study of Daran Shahid Rajaee Hospital

Aim: This study aimed to determine the medical staff's burnout level and its related factors at Daran Shahid Rajaee Hospital. Materials and Methods: The total number of participants was 145 medical staff who participated in this cross-sectional study. Data were collected employing such various instruments as demographic information questionnaires, general health questionnaires, job satisfaction (JS), and Maslach burnout inventory. Then, the researcher analyzed the data with correlation, t-tests, and variance by using the SPSS software version 26. Results: The findings indicated that 79% of the medical staff suffer from high burnout level. The results showed that the correlation between burnout levels and JS was statistically significant (P < 0.001). Moreover, the correlation of depersonalization levels with marital status, age, work experience, and type of employment was significant (P < 0.001) as well. Conclusion: The results indicated that, during the pandemic of COVID-19, the medical staff's burnout was at a high level. Interestingly, on the emotional exhaustion scale, the medical staff burnout was more than other burnout levels requiring organizational interventions to lessen medical staff burnout.

The impact of burnout on career commitment among physicians, clergy, and law enforcement during the COVID-19 pandemic: A quantitative study

The long-term effects of the COVID-19 crisis among helping professionals such as physicians, law enforcement officers, and clergy remain unknown. The strain and enormous stress encountered by these professionals are profound and concerning (Benham et al., 2020;Greene et al., 2020;Stogner et al., 2020). In this study, the researcher explored the effects of burnout (emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and personal accomplishment) on career commitment among helping professionals including physicians, law enforcement officers, and clergy during the COVID-19 pandemic. Further, the findings provided insight on the general causes and effects of burnout including possible solutions to counter its effects. Additionally, the researcher examined the causes, effects, and potential solutions regarding burnout for each of the participating helping professions. The data for this quantitative study were collected through a survey completed by 484 participants located in two southwestern states in the United States. This study contributes to the body of literature by confirming a relationship between burnout and low career commitment for the aggregate sample, and by confirming that the three factors of burnout (emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and personal accomplishment) significantly predicted scores of low career commitment. Further, the findings revealed that there are statistically significant differences in levels of the three factors of burnout and career commitment between the three professions. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved)

Burnout of special educators serving students with emotional-behavioral disorders: A longitudinal study

We examined changes in burnout across three timepoints in one school year, in a sample (N = 230) of special educators serving students with emotional-behavioral disorders, in 15 school districts selected through stratified random sampling at the national level. Emotional exhaustion decreased at each timepoint in the school year and personal accomplishment increased from fall to spring. Latent growth curve modeling did not produce latent trajectories of burnout among teachers;however, cross-lagged panel structure equation modeling revealed that emotional exhaustion and personal accomplishment had both direct and indirect effects on depersonalization. Differences in burnout were significant by race/ethnicity but not by gender. Participants reported higher emotional exhaustion, lower depersonalization, and higher personal accomplishment than a national sample. We provide implications for researchers and practitioners. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved)

Professional burnout in a COVID-19 pandemic

Aim: to show the characteristics of professional burnout in doctors (drs) working in a COVID-19 pandemic. Material(s) and Method(s): 104 drs were interviewed (general practitioners - 42 (40.4%), 26-44 y.o. (40.4%)). We used a questionnaire C. Maslach and S. Jackson using Google form. Numbers (from 0-6) were compiled according to the answers and grouped into three categories. Non-parametric statistic. Result(s): Diagnostics of burnout reflects different degree of burnout phases: 1) emotional exhaustion (feeling of emotional emptiness and fatigue, 2) depersonalization (cynical, indifferent attitude to work and pts), 3) reduction of professional achievements (sense of incompetence in professional sphere). Moderate level of emotional exhaustion - 34 (32,6%) drs, high - 63 drs (60,5%). Depersonalization: moderate (i.e. formation of professional exhaustion) in 33 (31,7%) % drs, and high (formed burnout) in 67 (64,4%) drs. In 36 (34,6%) drs the exhaustion according professional achievement reduction is formed, and already at a critical level in 43 (41,3%) respondents. (Fig.1) Conclusion(s): 1. Professional burnout requires careful study and control. 2. The pronounced professional burnout by the indicators of emotional exhaustion (60,5%) and depersonalization (64,4%) is revealed in drs. 3. The brief questionnaires can be used for screening. 4. Burnout can result in increased number of drs mistakes, so it is important to involve a highly specialized specialists.

Burnout and Covid-19 Vaccination Intention among Dentists in Bulgaria: A Survey

Introduction: Dentists are potential candidates for burnout due to the specifities in clinical practice and additional external factors initiated by the current pandemic. The aim of this study was to investigate dentists'intentions and attitudes toward COVID-19 vaccination and to examine how the latter were associated with the levels of their occupational burnout. Material(s) and Method(s): An anonymous validated 43-question survey, including demographic and pandemic questions and the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI), was administered to a random sample of 1405 dentists from 73 settlements in Bulgaria. The data was analyzed with IBM SPSS Statistics 25.0 using standard descriptive statistics, one way ANOVA, Kolmogrov-Smirnov, and Shapiro-Wilk tests, Kruskal-Wallis H test and Mann-Whitney U test. Result(s): Overall, 387 dentists responded to the survey (response rate 27.5%). All three dimensions of burnout corresponded to moderate level of burnout (EE - 21.29+/-12.49, DP - 10.17+/-6.20 and PA - 34.76+/-7.87). A large proportion of respondents (n=151;39.0%) reported they did not intend to get vaccinated and almost 1/4 of dentists (n = 95;24.5%) believed that COVID-19 vaccines would have many side effects. COVID-19 vaccine unwillingness was significantly linked to the elevated levels of emotional exhaustion and depersonalization (p<0.05). There was also a significant relationship between vaccine side effects beliefs and burnout dimensions(p<0.05). Conclusion(s): Dentists'occupational burnout and intentions for vaccination were significantly associated. Developing programs to reduce vaccination hesitancy, increase trust and build favorable attitudes is vital for controlling the COVID-19 pandemic and can play a role in protection of psychological well-being of dentists.Copyright © 2023 by the authors. License to CARBONE EDITORE S.R.L., Palermo, Italy.

To Compare The Coping Strategies, Emotional Reactions, Burnout And Resilience In Doctors Caring And Not Caring For Covid19 Patients

Background: Rapid transmission of novel coronavirus (COVID-19) causing severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARSCoV- 2) occurred all across the world in few months causing a pandemic. Frontline medical staff as a result of heavy workload, insufficient protective equipment, a lack of information of the pathogen, and direct contact with patients faced the fear of getting infected themselves and their family. Anxiety, stress, and other negative emotions have led to a series of psychological crises in them. Aim(s): To compare the coping strategies, emotional reactions, burnout and resilience in doctors caring and not caring for COVID19 patients. Materials And Methods: Total 304 Doctors in tertiary care hospitals out of which 163 were caring and 141 were not caring for COVID19 patients participated in our study. Both groups were assessing and compared using The Fear of COVID-19 Scale, the coronavirus anxiety scale (CAS), Patient Health Questionnaire-2 (PHQ-2), Primary Care PTSD Screen for DSM-5 (PC-PTSD-5), Brief COPE, Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale abbreviated, Abbreviated Maslach Burnout Inventory, Two-Item Conjoint Screen (TICS) Results: All participants those who did COVID duty and those who did not do it showed high level of resilience though on comparison no significant different was found between two groups. Those who did not do COVID duty were scored higher in emotion focused coping strategies whereas who did not do COVID duty scored higher in avoidant coping strategies. Abbreviated version of Maslach Burnout Inventory indicated a great personal accomplishment, less depersonalization and low emotional exhaustion in all the participants irrespective of their duty status. Conclusion(s): On comparing those who did COVID duties against those who haven't, it was found that those who did not do COVID duty used more emotion-focused ways to cope and those who were doing COVID duties were using harmful avoidant coping to manage their daily chores. All the doctors participating in study showed high resilience irrespective of whether they did COVID duty or not.Copyright © 2022 Wolters Kluwer Medknow Publications. All rights reserved.

Junior Doctor Burnout Following the First Wave of the Covid-19 Pandemic

Objective The aim of the present study was to assess the burden of burnout in junior medical staff working across all surgical specialities at Great Ormond Street Hospital following the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study in surgical junior doctors at Great Ormond Street Hospital following relaxation of the COVID-19-related restrictions at the end of June 2020. Burnout was evaluated using the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI). This is a widely-used validated questionnaire, which evaluates burnout across three domains: emotional exhaustion depersonalisation and personal accomplishment. All responses were anonymised points (0-6) were awarded for each response and composite scores were generated using an online tool. The degree of burnout was classified as low medium or high for each of the three domains using standardised score ranges. Results A total of 25 surgical junior doctors were included in our study. The response rate was 48% and scores from 12 fully completed MBI-HSS were included in subsequent analysis. 10 of the responders (83%) reported high burnout levels in at least one domain and 6 (50%) across at least two domains. The main contributor to burnout was the lack of feeling of personal accomplishment that was found to be high in 67% medium in 25% and low in 8% of the responders. We also found significant levels of emotional exhaustion (high: 42%;medium 42%;low 17%) as well as depersonalisation (high: 42%;medium 42%;low 17%). Conclusions Our study confirms the significant burden of burnout among junior doctors working in surgical specialities at Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. This could have detrimental effects on both doctor health and patient outcomes. Future work needs to focus on strategies to improve junior doctor wellbeing and prevent burnout.

The Relationship between Burnout Syndrome and Working Alliance in Psichiatric Residential Facilities: A Focus on Schizofrenia Spectrum Disorder

Introduction: Literature, especially following the COVID-19 pandemic, has given considerable attention to burnout experienced by mental health professionals. Burnout is a multidimensional syndrome that has three indicators (1): emotional exhaustion (EE, fatigue that can be related to devoting excessive time and effort to a task that is not perceived to be beneficial), depersonalization (DP, distant or indifferent attitude towards work, and negative interactions with colleagues and patients), and reduced personal accomplishment (PA, negative evaluation of the worth of one's work and generalized poor professional self-esteem) for the worker. Burnout does not solely impact the wellbeing and quality of life of health professionals but also induces a decline in the quality of care provided to clients. Studies of mental health professionals have shown that this condition could be triggered by associated working stressors including overload, time pressure, understaffing, negative social climate in the workplace, conflicts with patients, job insecurity, and organizational changes. As burnout has important implications for the quality of care, it is essential that the factors which influence burnout and its implications are explored in different contexts, such as in the context of residential facilities (RFs). Workers in the field of mental health are more vulnerable to burnout, as compared with other health professionals (2) because of stigma of the profession, threats of violence from patients and patient suicide and highly demanding therapeutic relationships (3). In a systematic review and meta-analysis, O'Connor and colleagues (4) investigated the prevalence and determinants of burnout in mental health professionals highlighting that staff working in community mental health teams may be more vulnerable to burnout than those working in some other specialist community teams. The key issue that is often left out in literature is the measure of the quality of the health professionals' relationship with patients. Since both the health professional's burnout and the working alliance between them and patients are predictors of therapy outcomes, understanding how burnout affects health professionals' relationship with patients is crucial. Working Alliance (WA) is a well-established index of this relationship as it represents the degree to which a treatment dyad is engaged in collaborative work (5). This construct has an enormous literature in the field of psychotherapy, but it has not been studied in the common treatment of individuals diagnosed with severe mental illness in terms of its relationship with burnout. To our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate the link between burnout among health professionals working in psychiatric RF and WA between individuals with SSD and staff in RF. Method(s): This study is part of a large multicentric observational study conducted in Italy: the DiAPAson study. The final sample of this study includes 303 patients living in RFs (69.3% males;41.0+/-9.8 years) and 164 health workers (27.4% males;41.2+/-9.9 years) of the 99 participating RFs. After collecting sociodemographic data, standardized assessment tools including clinician-administered tools (e.g., psychiatric history, illness duration, lifetime hospitalization stay, total number of psychiatric hospitalizations in the last year, time in the RF, antipsychotic therapy, Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale - BPRS, and Specific Levels of Functioning Scale - SLOF) for patients and self-administered scales (the Italian version of the Working Alliance Inventory short form for Patients, WAI-P;the Italian version of the Working Alliance Inventory short form for Staff, WAI-S;and the Maslach Burnout Inventory, MBI for Staff) were collected. We investigated the relationship between sociodemographic and clinical variables, staff's burnout and working alliance. After rejecting the hypothesis of normality of the variables (by Kolmogorov Smirnov test), we computed correlation matrices calculating Spearman's correlation coefficients. We perfor ed all the analysis with SAS Studio, R and SPSS, considering a p<0.05 value as statistically significant. Result(s): The staff sample presented high mean DP (13.8+/-9.6) while no high mean EE (3+/-3.5) neither low mean PA (38.4+/-5.7) were found according to O'Connor and colleagues' indications (4). Data show significative correlations between: MBI EE and BPRS (beta=0.17;p=0.005), SLOF (beta=-0.12;p=0.048) and WAI-S (beta=-0.17;p=0.003);MBI DP and BPRS (beta=0.22;p<0.001), SLOF (beta=-0.18;p=0.003), WAI-S (beta=-0.19;p=0.001), and WAI-P (beta=-0.13;p=0.028);MBI PA and patients' education years (beta=-0.146;p=0.014) and WAI-S (beta=0.26;p<0.001). Conclusion(s): The result of our large multicentric observational study suggested that health professionals working with SSD patients reported high scores on MBI for the DP domain. This datum is particularly worrying considering the theoretical framework that in 1978 brought to the reform of the Italian Health System that abolished the Psychiatric Hospitals in favor of a community-based treatment approach where the RF where conceived as a temporal intensive approach for the treatment of the most severe conditions, specifically thought to avoid long term seclusion, institutionalization, and patients' depersonalization. In our sample the burnout, specifically higher EE and DP was associated with more severe symptomatology (as measure with BPRS) and poor socio-occupational functioning. These associations are consistent with previous reports. Lower sense of PA was instead reported in working with patients with higher education grade. This effect could be partially associated with the WA. In fact, our data reported greater sense of PA with higher scores of WA as perceived by the staff, again associated with working with patients with lower education grade. WA as perceived by the staff significantly associate with other burnout domains, being inversely correlated with EE and DP. On the other hand, WA rated by the patients was also inversely associated with DP burnout domain. Even though no causal relationship could be assumed from our data, the clear association between burnout and WA, specifically regarding the DP domain, strongly reinforce the need to further investigate the WA between health professionals and RF patients suffering from SSD. Intervention directed toward the improvement of WA could be a complementary way to improve the quality of care provided to severe SSD patients and a way to reduce burnout.

Assessment of burnout and pandemic fatigue among pharmacy leadership in the Veterans Health Administration healthcare system.

DISCLAIMER: In an effort to expedite the publication of articles related to the COVID-19 pandemic, AJHP is posting these manuscripts online as soon as possible after acceptance. Accepted manuscripts have been peer-reviewed and copyedited, but are posted online before technical formatting and author proofing. These manuscripts are not the final version of record and will be replaced with the final article (formatted per AJHP style and proofed by the authors) at a later time. PURPOSE: Factors associated with burnout in Veterans Health Administration (VHA) pharmacy leadership positions were examined during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. METHODS: A questionnaire was distributed to all pharmacy executives of the VHA healthcare system. It collected demographic and employment characteristics, career satisfaction and work-related variables, indicators of burnout using validated single-item measures adapted from the Maslach Burnout Inventory, and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on psychosocial and work-related variables. A χ  2 test with Bonferroni correction was used to evaluate the data. Burnout was defined as a score of 4 or greater on either of the 2 single-item validated statements adapted from the Maslach Burnout Inventory to assess emotional exhaustion and depersonalization. RESULTS: In total, 407 (of 1,027; 39.6%) VHA pharmacy leaders representing Veterans Integrated Service Network pharmacy executives, chiefs of pharmacy, associate chiefs of pharmacy, and inpatient and outpatient supervisors completed the survey. The overall prevalence of burnout was 68.6% using the aggregate measure of emotional exhaustion or depersonalization. Pharmacy leaders who worked more than 60 hours a week reported significantly greater rates of burnout than those who worked 40 to 60 hours a week (86.7% vs 66.9%, χ  2 = 7.34, degrees of freedom = 1, P < 0.05). Those experiencing increased workload related to COVID-19 also reported high burnout rates (72.1%, χ  2 = 16.40, degrees of freedom = 1, P < 0.001). Burnout scores were similar across groups when respondents were stratified by leadership position, gender, age, or years in position. CONCLUSION: As of March 2021, two-thirds of pharmacy leaders were experiencing burnout. It is important for healthcare system leadership to identify patterns of burnout among their pharmacy leaders to ensure a productive and sustainable workforce.

Prevalence of Burnout in Healthcare Workers of Tertiary-Care Hospitals during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Survey from Two Central European Countries.

COVID-19 has led to an unprecedented strain on healthcare workers (HCWs). This study aimed to determine the prevalence of burnout in hospital employees during a prolonged pandemic-induced burden on healthcare systems. An online survey among employees of a Czech and Slovak university hospital was conducted between November 2021 and January 2022, approximately when the incidence rates peaked in both countries. The Maslach Burnout Inventory-Human Services Survey was applied. We obtained 807 completed questionnaires (75.1% from Czech employees, 91.2% from HCWs, 76.2% from women; mean age of 42.1 ± 11 years). Burnout in emotional exhaustion (EE) was found in 53.2%, depersonalization (DP) in 33%, and personal accomplishment (PA) in 47.8% of respondents. In total, 148 (18.3%) participants showed burnout in all dimensions, 184 (22.8%) in two, and 269 (33.3%) in at least one dimension. Burnout in EE and DP (65% and 43.7%) prevailed in physicians compared to other HCWs (48.6% and 28.8%). Respondents from COVID-19-dedicated units achieved burnout in the EE and DP dimensions with higher rates than non-frontline HCWs (58.1% and 40.9% vs. 49.9% and 27.7%). Almost two years of the previous overloading of healthcare services, caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, resulted in the relatively high prevalence of burnout in HCWs, especially in physicians and frontline HCWs.

A narrative review of research on healthcare staff's burnout during the COVID-19 pandemic

Background: During the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, burnout emerges as a critical health problem that might involve workers in many occupations, particularly healthcare personnel. Although burnout syndrome is not necessarily proved to be nosologic, it yields serious physical, mental, and social outcomes. However, it is essential to provide practical strategies and effective instruments for people so that they can adapt to such highly stressful conditions. Objective(s): The present review was conducted to explore preliminary evidence for nature, treatment, and prevention of burnout among healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. Method(s): Related English literatures published from the beginning of January 2020 to the end of September 2020 were searched in PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Google scholar databases. "Burnout," "COVID-19," "healthcare workers," "medical staff," and "pandemic" constituted the search terms. A narrative technique was implemented for material synthesis and creating a compelling and cohesive story. Result(s): Final results provided the burnout history and its major effects, causes, and prevalence among healthcare workers. Also, some strategies were listed to be employed by hospital medical staff and organizations to deal with the COVID-19 pandemic. Conclusion(s): Recent evidence demonstrated that healthcare staff could gain significant benefits from interventions to modify burnout syndrome, especially from organization-directed interventions. So, health policymakers and practitioners should adopt such interventions and develop context-specific approaches promoting a healthy workplace and averting burnout during the COVID-19 crisis. Copyright © The Author(s) 2022.

Burnout in OMFS Trainees and Consultants - A multi-centre study

Introduction/Aims: Burnout is a state of physical, emotional and mental exhaustion as a result of prolonged and excessive stress exposure at work. It is believed to affect at least 40% of surgeons. This study aims to understand how this affects OMFS trainees and consultants and identify the factors that contribute to burnout. Material(s) and Method(s): A questionnaire based on the psychometric properties of the Maslach Burnout Questionnaire - Human Survey Services (MBI-HSS) were studied amongst 65 Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery trainees and consultants across the UK over one week. The data was analysed. Results/Statistics: 58.5% respondents are male, 56.9% respondents are aged between 31-40 years and 69.2% respondents are married. 65.5% did dentistry first. 97% respondents worked during the COVID-19 pandemic. Based on the 22 items from MBI-HSS scale, majority of trainees/consultants demonstrated scores indicating high burnout: 67.7% respondents had scores of >26 in the emotional exhaustion scale, 90.7% had scores of >9 in the depersonalisation scale and 93.8% scored <34 in their personal accomplishment evaluation. >50% of respondents report working during COVID-19 and its effects as contributing factors to their burnout. Over 90% report administrative overload as key contributing factors. Childcare, financial, personal concerns and lack of sleep also contribute to it. Conclusions/Clinical Relevance: Burnout has been shown to be prominent in OMFS. COVID-19 has contributed to this. 60% of respondents think about leaving OMFS at least a few times a year, if not more. With this in mind, strategic interventions need to be implemented imminently to reduce burnout and promote mental health within the OMFS specialty Copyright © 2022

Comparative Analysis Of Psychological Well-Being, Mood Disorders And Burnout Among People Working From Home Versus Office Going Bank Employees During The Covid-19 Pandemic

BACKGROUND: As a result of rising Covid cases in India, Nationwide Lockdown was implemented from March 22, 2020, followed by a second wave leading to phase 2 of lockdown. Prolonged Work from home and its impact on mental health needs to be evaluated on urgent basis. METHODOLOGY: The study was cross sectional in nature and the participants taking part in this survey were selected randomly (snowball sampling) through phone, email or in person. A questionnaire was sent to them in a google form document and entries received. The survey questionnaire included Beck's depression scale, Burnout index, and WHO well being scale. The survey was done during the timeline of second wave of Covid 19 in India (1 April 2021-31 August 2021). Comparision between two groups done by Chi square test. RESULT(S): The study revealed that 53% of work from home employees suffered from moderate depression as compared to the second group which had more number of people (39%) suffering from mild depression and less than 1% suffering from moderate depression. 66% of the work from home employees had average and above-average levels of burnout, in comparison, 47% of the regular office goers had average and above-average levels of burnout. As per WHO Well being scale, Regular office goers had mean value of 18.16 indicating greater well being as compared to Work from home employees that had 12.90 as the mean value. CONCLUSION(S): It is intriguing that apart from the benefits from working from home, it has negative repercussions on the mental health of the employees. Copyright © 2022, Anka Publishers. All rights reserved.

Influence of Covid-19 on Burnout among Critical Care Advanced Practice Providers

INTRODUCTION: Burnout results from physical and mental exhaustion and affects the intentionality to leave the profession. Unfortunately, burnout scenarios have been quite common among Critical Care Advance Practice Providers (APPs). The calls to action to sustain the critical care workforce were in full force before COVID-19 attacked the world and rapidly turned into a pandemic. Already overburdened and depleted critical care workforce was further exacerbated by overwhelming work demands. Our research was aimed at understanding the influence of COVID-19 on the critical care APPs. METHOD(S): We utilized a cross-sectional REDCap survey to understand the self-perceived extent to which the burnout among critical APPs had changed. A single link to survey was emailed to 2775 SCCM physician assistant and nursing section members. There were 578 responses (response rate 20.8%). After excluding 60 non-APPs responses, our sample size was 518. Survey questions asked about the symptoms of emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, perception of reduced personal accomplishments and intention to leave. RESULT(S): We found an increase in burnout and related dimensions. Emotional exhaustion increased from 28.8%- 69.9%, depersonalization increased from 17.2%-37.6%%, and perception of reduced personal accomplishments increased from 18.1%-38% among our study population. We also asked about the intentions to leave critical care and a total of 513 participants engaged with this question. Twenty-two percent (n=114) of our sample expressed an intention to leave critical care. We also asked about the intention to leave the profession altogether and only 21.8% (n=113) participants responded. A total of 43.3% (n=49) respondents reported the intention to leave the profession altogether within the following 2-5 years. Of those who responded, 22.1% (n=25) intended to leave within 1 year and 25.7% (n=29) intended to leave between 5-10 years while 8.9% (n=10) stated that they intended to stay beyond 10 years. CONCLUSION(S): COVID-19 pandemic exacerbated the burnout and its dimensions among critical care APPs. It is crucial to attend to the trends in burnout and intention to leave and mitigation strategies must be employed to sustain the critical care workforce which is key to planning the future of critical care in the US and globally.

A Structural Intervention Improves ID Fellow Wellness Amid a Pandemic

Background. Infectious Disease (ID) physicians have historically had higher levels of burnout compared to other medical specialties. Fellows are not immune to the pressures that attendings experience in the course of clinical care. The Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education now requires programs to formally promote well-being amongst trainees. We created a structural intervention to improve fellow well-being and conducted a before-and-after study demonstrating effectiveness. Methods. We restructured our institution's inpatient ID clinical services, which increased attending presence on weekends and afternoons to help with clinical volume. A survey including the Maslach Burnout Inventory for Medical Personnel (MBI-HSS(MP)) and wellness metrics was completed by our 5 fellows before and after the intervention. Consult volume and efficiency were assessed before and after the intervention. Descriptive statistics, paired t-tests or Wilcoxon signed-rank tests were utilized as appropriate for data normality. Qualitative survey responses were coded into key domains until saturation was reached for analysis. Results. Post-intervention MBI-HSS(MP) mean scores significantly improved for emotional exhaustion (EE) [3.3 to 2.3, p-value .0089]. Personal accomplishment and depersonalization metrics improved but were not significant. Survey items assessing time for education, learning to service balance, satisfaction and wellness all improved but were not significant (Table 1). Consult volume was the most frequent domain associated with dissatisfaction, and was described as the most improved domain since intervention (Table 2). Clinical work volumes were the same, if not higher, in the post intervention period (Table 3). All 5 fellows completed surveys before and after the intervention. The pre and post intervention means with standard errors (SE) or frequency of responses are listed in the table as well as p- values for Wilcoxon-signed rank or paired t-test (depending on normality of that variable). For 'education versus service balance' fellows used a visual analogue scale (0-100) to assess their views of balance of education (lower values) to service (higher values) while on General Infectious Disease consults (GID). Fellows were asked to rate their 'satisfaction' with GID on a visual analogue scale from 0-100 with lower values as dissatisfaction and higher values as satisfaction. EE, DP, and PA are metrics used in the Maslach Burnout Inventory for Medical Personnel (MBI-SS(MP)). The values of the MBI questions are mean responses across items in their respective inventories, with higher values for EE and DP meaning more frequent negative experiences, and higher values for PA meaning more frequent positive experiences. For MBI, scores indicate how frequently feelings occur: 1, a few times/year;2, monthly;3, a few times monthly;4, weekly;5, a few times/week. Fellows were also asked to give the frequency at which they were able to teach or complete responsibilities at home (such as childcare, cleaning, cooking, grocery shopping) while on GID. Responses truncated only to frequencies selected by respondents. Responses to the last two questions were numerically coded for statistical analysis. * Indicates statistical significance (p < .05). Free text survey responses were analyzed by authors, resulting in the generation of key conceptual response domains;this process continued until saturation was reached, leading to the coding of text responses as above. Examples from text responses included in parenthesis. Prompt 1 was given to the 5 fellows before and after the intervention leading to 10 responses. Prompt 2 was given to the 5 fellows only following intervention. Variables were assessed pre and post intervention. Max list size is the maximum number of patients on the general infectious disease (GID) consult service, bumped consults is the number of consults not seen until the following work day, curbside consults is the number of consults where recommendations were given without seeing the patient, last rec is the t me of delivery of the last recommendation, pages is the raw number of pages received in a day by the GID fellow and COVID-19 census is the total number of patients admitted to our center with COVID-19. *Indicates statistical significance (p < .05) by paired t-test. IQR signifies inter-quartile range. Conclusion. We found that an intervention addressing structural contributors to burnout was effective in reducing EE and perception of clinical volume. This finding was significant despite stable to increased clinical volumes and the added stress of the cotemporaneous Omicron outbreak of COVID-19.